import types

def flatten(tup):
    elts = []
    for elt in tup:
        if type(elt) == types.TupleType:
            elts = elts + flatten(elt)
        else:
            elts.append(elt)
    return elts

class Set:
    def __init__(self):
        self.elts = {}
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.elts)
    def __contains__(self, elt):
        return self.elts.has_key(elt)
    def add(self, elt):
        self.elts[elt] = elt
    def elements(self):
        return self.elts.keys()
    def has_elt(self, elt):
        return self.elts.has_key(elt)
    def remove(self, elt):
        del self.elts[elt]
    def copy(self):
        c = Set()
        c.elts.update(self.elts)
        return c

class Stack:
    def __init__(self):
        self.stack = []
        self.pop = self.stack.pop
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.stack)
    def push(self, elt):
        self.stack.append(elt)
    def top(self):
        return self.stack[-1]