:mod:`posix` --- The most common POSIX system calls
===================================================

.. module:: posix
   :platform: Unix
   :synopsis: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).


This module provides access to operating system functionality that is
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly disguised Unix
interface).

.. index:: module: os

**Do not import this module directly.**  Instead, import the module :mod:`os`,
which provides a *portable* version of this interface.  On Unix, the :mod:`os`
module provides a superset of the :mod:`posix` interface.  On non-Unix operating
systems the :mod:`posix` module is not available, but a subset is always
available through the :mod:`os` interface.  Once :mod:`os` is imported, there is
*no* performance penalty in using it instead of :mod:`posix`.  In addition,
:mod:`os` provides some additional functionality, such as automatically calling
:func:`putenv` when an entry in ``os.environ`` is changed.

The descriptions below are very terse; refer to the corresponding Unix manual
(or POSIX documentation) entry for more information. Arguments called *path*
refer to a pathname given as a string.

Errors are reported as exceptions; the usual exceptions are given for type
errors, while errors reported by the system calls raise :exc:`error` (a synonym
for the standard exception :exc:`OSError`), described below.


.. _posix-large-files:

Large File Support
------------------

.. index::
   single: large files
   single: file; large files

.. sectionauthor:: Steve Clift <clift@mail.anacapa.net>


Several operating systems (including AIX, HPUX, Irix and Solaris) provide
support for files that are larger than 2 Gb from a C programming model where
:ctype:`int` and :ctype:`long` are 32-bit values. This is typically accomplished
by defining the relevant size and offset types as 64-bit values. Such files are
sometimes referred to as :dfn:`large files`.

Large file support is enabled in Python when the size of an :ctype:`off_t` is
larger than a :ctype:`long` and the :ctype:`long long` type is available and is
at least as large as an :ctype:`off_t`. Python longs are then used to represent
file sizes, offsets and other values that can exceed the range of a Python int.
It may be necessary to configure and compile Python with certain compiler flags
to enable this mode. For example, it is enabled by default with recent versions
of Irix, but with Solaris 2.6 and 2.7 you need to do something like::

   CFLAGS="`getconf LFS_CFLAGS`" OPT="-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \
           ./configure

On large-file-capable Linux systems, this might work:

.. % $ <-- bow to font-lock

::

   CFLAGS='-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64' OPT="-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \
           ./configure

.. % $ <-- bow to font-lock


.. _posix-contents:

Module Contents
---------------

Module :mod:`posix` defines the following data item:


.. data:: environ

   A dictionary representing the string environment at the time the interpreter was
   started. For example, ``environ['HOME']`` is the pathname of your home
   directory, equivalent to ``getenv("HOME")`` in C.

   Modifying this dictionary does not affect the string environment passed on by
   :func:`execv`, :func:`popen` or :func:`system`; if you need to change the
   environment, pass ``environ`` to :func:`execve` or add variable assignments and
   export statements to the command string for :func:`system` or :func:`popen`.

   .. note::

      The :mod:`os` module provides an alternate implementation of ``environ`` which
      updates the environment on modification.  Note also that updating ``os.environ``
      will render this dictionary obsolete.  Use of the :mod:`os` module version of
      this is recommended over direct access to the :mod:`posix` module.

Additional contents of this module should only be accessed via the :mod:`os`
module; refer to the documentation for that module for further information.