.. highlightlang:: c

.. _cporting-howto:

********************************
Porting Extension Modules to 3.0
********************************

:author: Benjamin Peterson


.. topic:: Abstract

   Although changing the C-API was not one of Python 3.0's objectives, the many
   Python level changes made leaving 2.x's API intact impossible.  In fact, some
   changes such as :func:`int` and :func:`long` unification are more obvious on
   the C level.  This document endeavors to document incompatibilities and how
   they can be worked around.


Conditional compilation
=======================

The easiest way to compile only some code for 3.0 is to check if
:c:macro:`PY_MAJOR_VERSION` is greater than or equal to 3. ::

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
   #define IS_PY3K
   #endif

API functions that are not present can be aliased to their equivalents within
conditional blocks.


Changes to Object APIs
======================

Python 3.0 merged together some types with similar functions while cleanly
separating others.


str/unicode Unification
-----------------------


Python 3.0's :func:`str` (``PyString_*`` functions in C) type is equivalent to
2.x's :func:`unicode` (``PyUnicode_*``).  The old 8-bit string type has become
:func:`bytes`.  Python 2.6 and later provide a compatibility header,
:file:`bytesobject.h`, mapping ``PyBytes`` names to ``PyString`` ones.  For best
compatibility with 3.0, :c:type:`PyUnicode` should be used for textual data and
:c:type:`PyBytes` for binary data.  It's also important to remember that
:c:type:`PyBytes` and :c:type:`PyUnicode` in 3.0 are not interchangeable like
:c:type:`PyString` and :c:type:`PyUnicode` are in 2.x.  The following example
shows best practices with regards to :c:type:`PyUnicode`, :c:type:`PyString`,
and :c:type:`PyBytes`. ::

   #include "stdlib.h"
   #include "Python.h"
   #include "bytesobject.h"

   /* text example */
   static PyObject *
   say_hello(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       PyObject *name, *result;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:say_hello", &name))
           return NULL;

       result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("Hello, %S!", name);
       return result;
   }

   /* just a forward */
   static char * do_encode(PyObject *);

   /* bytes example */
   static PyObject *
   encode_object(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       char *encoded;
       PyObject *result, *myobj;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:encode_object", &myobj))
           return NULL;

       encoded = do_encode(myobj);
       if (encoded == NULL)
           return NULL;
       result = PyBytes_FromString(encoded);
       free(encoded);
       return result;
   }


long/int Unification
--------------------

In Python 3.0, there is only one integer type.  It is called :func:`int` on the
Python level, but actually corresponds to 2.x's :func:`long` type.  In the
C-API, ``PyInt_*`` functions are replaced by their ``PyLong_*`` neighbors.  The
best course of action here is using the ``PyInt_*`` functions aliased to
``PyLong_*`` found in :file:`intobject.h`.  The abstract ``PyNumber_*`` APIs
can also be used in some cases. ::

   #include "Python.h"
   #include "intobject.h"

   static PyObject *
   add_ints(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       int one, two;
       PyObject *result;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:add_ints", &one, &two))
           return NULL;

       return PyInt_FromLong(one + two);
   }



Module initialization and state
===============================

Python 3.0 has a revamped extension module initialization system.  (See
:pep:`3121`.)  Instead of storing module state in globals, they should be stored
in an interpreter specific structure.  Creating modules that act correctly in
both 2.x and 3.0 is tricky.  The following simple example demonstrates how. ::

   #include "Python.h"

   struct module_state {
       PyObject *error;
   };

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
   #define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
   #else
   #define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
   static struct module_state _state;
   #endif

   static PyObject *
   error_out(PyObject *m) {
       struct module_state *st = GETSTATE(m);
       PyErr_SetString(st->error, "something bad happened");
       return NULL;
   }

   static PyMethodDef myextension_methods[] = {
       {"error_out", (PyCFunction)error_out, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
       {NULL, NULL}
   };

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3

   static int myextension_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
       Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
       return 0;
   }

   static int myextension_clear(PyObject *m) {
       Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
       return 0;
   }


   static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
           PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
           "myextension",
           NULL,
           sizeof(struct module_state),
           myextension_methods,
           NULL,
           myextension_traverse,
           myextension_clear,
           NULL
   };

   #define INITERROR return NULL

   PyObject *
   PyInit_myextension(void)

   #else
   #define INITERROR return

   void
   initmyextension(void)
   #endif
   {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
       PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
   #else
       PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("myextension", myextension_methods);
   #endif

       if (module == NULL)
           INITERROR;
       struct module_state *st = GETSTATE(module);

       st->error = PyErr_NewException("myextension.Error", NULL, NULL);
       if (st->error == NULL) {
           Py_DECREF(module);
           INITERROR;
       }

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
       return module;
   #endif
   }


CObject replaced with Capsule
=============================

The :c:type:`Capsule` object was introduced in Python 3.1 and 2.7 to replace
:c:type:`CObject`.  CObjects were useful,
but the :c:type:`CObject` API was problematic: it didn't permit distinguishing
between valid CObjects, which allowed mismatched CObjects to crash the
interpreter, and some of its APIs relied on undefined behavior in C.
(For further reading on the rationale behind Capsules, please see :issue:`5630`.)

If you're currently using CObjects, and you want to migrate to 3.1 or newer,
you'll need to switch to Capsules.
:c:type:`CObject` was deprecated in 3.1 and 2.7 and completely removed in
Python 3.2.  If you only support 2.7, or 3.1 and above, you
can simply switch to :c:type:`Capsule`.  If you need to support 3.0 or
versions of Python earlier than 2.7 you'll have to support both CObjects
and Capsules.

The following example header file :file:`capsulethunk.h` may
solve the problem for you;
simply write your code against the :c:type:`Capsule` API, include
this header file after ``"Python.h"``, and you'll automatically use CObjects
in Python 3.0 or versions earlier than 2.7.

:file:`capsulethunk.h` simulates Capsules using CObjects.  However,
:c:type:`CObject` provides no place to store the capsule's "name".  As a
result the simulated :c:type:`Capsule` objects created by :file:`capsulethunk.h`
behave slightly differently from real Capsules.  Specifically:

  * The name parameter passed in to :c:func:`PyCapsule_New` is ignored.

  * The name parameter passed in to :c:func:`PyCapsule_IsValid` and
    :c:func:`PyCapsule_GetPointer` is ignored, and no error checking
    of the name is performed.

  * :c:func:`PyCapsule_GetName` always returns NULL.

  * :c:func:`PyCapsule_SetName` always throws an exception and
    returns failure.  (Since there's no way to store a name
    in a CObject, noisy failure of :c:func:`PyCapsule_SetName`
    was deemed preferable to silent failure here.  If this is
    inconveient, feel free to modify your local
    copy as you see fit.)

You can find :file:`capsulethunk.h` in the Python source distribution
in the :file:`Doc/includes` directory.  We also include it here for
your reference; here is :file:`capsulethunk.h`:

.. literalinclude:: ../includes/capsulethunk.h



Other options
=============

If you are writing a new extension module, you might consider `Cython
<http://www.cython.org>`_.  It translates a Python-like language to C.  The
extension modules it creates are compatible with Python 3.x and 2.x.